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翻译中词义的具体化与抽象化(5)
来源于:云南人民政府外事办公室
以上所述是英语中以实喻虚的表达汉译的问题,下面谈一下英语中以虚代实,即以抽象名词指具体的人或物质的汉译问题。
人认为: 有必要把它们(指抽象名词)译的比较具体、明确来保证与原文相适应的可读性。我们需要首先弄清的一个问题是:将抽象名词译的比较具体、明确,究竟是指通过“译”这一手段将其“加工”成含义具体的名词呢?还是此类抽象名词本身即含有具体的意义?这是一个涉及如何正确理解及认识英语中一部分抽象名词的带普遍性意义的问题。客观情况是:英语中的一些抽象名词在特定的上下文中的含义是具体的而并非是抽象的。以有人所引的例句为例:As a boy, he was the despair of all his teachers. 句中的despair的固有含义之一是:somebody that causes loss of hope,令人失望的人。
以虚代实的抽象名词能大大简洁英语的表达,是一种不为鲜见的语言现象。就其特征而言,此类抽象名词可作何种分类呢?据笔者管见,似可分成两大类。一类是指形形色色的“人”的抽象名词,如: Is Jane a possibility (=a suitable person) as a wife for Richard?
简是做理查德妻子的合适人选吗?
Our son has been a disappointment(=someone dissapointing) to us.
我们的儿子成了令我们失望的人。
He‘s an influence (= the person that has the power to produce a good moral
effect) for good in the town.
他是这城里影响他人行善的人。
His skill at games made him the admiration (= a person that causes such
feelings) of his friends.
他的运动技巧使他成为友人称羡的人。
His new car made him the envy (= a person that makes someone wish to be
like the person) of every boy in the neighbourhood.
他拥有一辆新轿车,为此他成了邻里男孩们的羡慕者。
My dad has three dependents (= a person who depends on another for material
support): my mother, my sister and I.
爸爸需养活三口人:妈妈、姐姐和我。
另一类是指各种各样具体物质的抽象名词,如:
Have you read any humour (= something designed to induce laughter or amusement)recently?
近来你读了什么幽默作品吗?
The big house on the hill is my ambition. (= the object desired).
山上的那间大屋是我企望得到的东西。
What‘s your greatest desire(= something longed for)?
你最想得到的是什么东西?
This is not a real gun, but it is a good imitation (= a thing that imitates
something else).
这不是一支真枪,但却是一件极好的仿制品。
Have the party invitations (=a written request)been sent out?
晚会的请柬发出去了吗?
Their transportation (= a means of transport)was camel.
他们的运输工具是骆驼。
I‘m reading all the chief criticisms (= a review or other article expressing
such judgement and evaluation) of the play.
我正在阅读有关此剧本的主要批评文章。
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