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英文合同解读--(三)篇章结构特点

英文合同解读--(三)篇章结构特点
分类 外商投资公司,股份有限公司,有限责任公司  发文日期 2009-08-15
作者 王辉

正文内容:
  一份完整的英文合同通常可以分为标题(Title)、前言(Preamble)、正文(Habendum)、附录(Schedule)及证明部分即结尾词(Attestation)五大部分。标题开宗明义地显示合同的性质;前言用最简单的说明大略介绍合同订立的背景;正文里包括依各种合同性质的不同而约定的具体条款,还包括不论何种类型合同都会出现的一般条款;附录构成对前述合同正文条款的必要补充(不是所有合同都有该部分);最后,结尾则是当事人签名前的一段文字,为整份合同画上完满的句号。以下分别就此五部分进行说明。
  一、合同的标题(Title)
英文合同和中文合同都一样,标题并不是一定要有的,因为当事人间的法律关系是用合同内容的各个条款来判断,标题基本上不会产生任何影响。但为方便辨识的考虑,合同撰写人通常都会依照合同性质,在合同首页的最上方给予一个适当的标题。英文合同名称在第一章中已有介绍,在此不再赘述,仅补充说明:Confirmation(确认书)、Order(订单)也会经常出现在简易的合同中。

  二、合同的前言(Preamble)
英文合同在标题之后,各式各样的条款出现之前,通常会先有一段前言,也称序言、导言、总则等, 也见有称为“Non?operative part”者。前言一般不会占去太多的篇幅,目的在于很简略地介绍合同内容之人、事、时、地、物等背景,让阅读合同的人在接触冗长复杂的正文前,先有一个基础的认识与心理准备。详细来说,前言通常又分作以下两个段落:
第一部分文字叫做 “Parties” ,也就是合同的开场白(Commencement),内容为说明当事人姓名或名称、国籍或注册地国及住所地或主营业地、订约日期、各自在合同中的简称等等。

  EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT (SALES)

  EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into onday of(month), (year), by and between:(hereinafter referred to as the “Company”), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of, with its registered office located at, and (hereinafter referred to as the “Employee”), an individual, with nationality of(Passport No.) residing at.

  本聘用协议于年月日签订,双方当事人为:

  依州法律组织设立并存续的公司 (以下简称本公司) , 注册地位于,与国籍的(护照号码:)(以下简称雇员), 居住于。

?  by and between

  表示合同是由哪些当事人所订定。英文中通常会说“This Agreement is made by and between...”,用“by”来表示合同由谁订定,“between”来表示谁与谁之间的订立。如果当事人不止两个,也可以用“by and among”来代替。

?  organized and existing

  合同开场白里要说明当事人的国籍,在自然人的情况下可以用“a national of ...”或“an individual with the nationality of ...”来表示,如果是法人组织多半使用“organized and existing under the laws of ...”这样的字眼,其中“organized”也可以用“incorporated”来代替。

  ?registered office

  “registered office”是指一个公司的注册所在地,它和“principal office” 或“principal place of business”即主营业地并不一定位于同一个地方。

  第二部分叫做“Recitals”,是由数个以“Whereas”字样开头的句子所组合而成,这些句子俗称为“Whereas Clauses”(鉴于条款)。 “Whereas”的本义是“When in fact”、“considering that”或“that being the case”的意思,所以“Whereas Clauses”就表示当事人乃是基于对这些事实(例如订约的目的、背景、原由等)的共同认识,订立此合同。以下是一个补偿贸易合同(Compensation Trade Contract)的Whereas Clauses,简单明了地表达了双方合作的意愿。

  WITNESSETH

  Whereas Party B has machines and equipment, which are now used in Party B?s manufacturing of steel wire rope, and is willing to sell to Party A the machines and equipment; and

  Whereas Party B agrees to buy the products, steel wire rope, made by Party A using the machines and equipment Party B supplies, in compensation of the price of the machines and equipment, and

  Whereas Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the machines and equipment, and

  Whereas Party A agrees to sell to Party B the products, the steel wire rope, in compensation of the price of Party B?s machines and equipment;

  兹证明(通常不译)

  鉴于乙方拥有用于生产钢丝绳的机械设备,愿向甲方出售该机械设备;

  鉴于乙方同意购买甲方用乙方所供应的该机械设备生产的产品钢丝绳来补偿该机械设备的价款;

  鉴于甲方同意从乙方购买该机械设备;

  鉴于甲方同意向乙方出售产品钢丝绳以补偿乙方机械设备的价款;

  紧接在一串Whereas Clauses之后,会出现类似上例中的“Now therefore, in consideration[对价/约因(港台多用此语)] of...”这样一句话,表明合同是有偿合同,目的在提醒阅读合同的人,真正规范订约当事人权利义务关系的条款在这句话之后就要开始了,也就是说,这句话是前言与正文之间过渡的桥梁,在此之前为订约背景事实的叙述,在此之后则为关于交易关系的实体约定(一般称为“operative part/clauses”)。

  例如:Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows:...
兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因,订约双方协议如下:……

  三、正文(Hanbendum/Operative part)

  正文(Hanbendum) 部分, 也称Operative part/clauses或Body, 具体约定当事人的权利义务。各式各样的正文条款是合同中最核心的部分,也是篇幅最大的部分,与当事人的权利义务关系发生最直接、最密切的牵连。

  本书拟将英文合同中的正文条款分为两类:特殊条款与一般条款。所谓特殊条款指的是只有在某些特定性质的合同中才会出现的条款,例如劳动合同中通常会约定保密条款、竞业禁止条款,但是买卖合同就不会有这些约定。反过来说,买卖合同中一般要记载交易标的、交易条件等条款,在劳动合同中就不会出现。

  相对于特殊条款的所谓一般条款,指的是不论合同性质如何,几乎所有的合同中都会记载的条款,例如管辖法院的约定、违约条款等,将于第四章中详细介绍,在此亦不赘述。


  四、附录(Schedule)

  附录也称Addendum, Annex或Exhibit,也有用Attachment, List或Table表示的。附录部分作为对正文条款的补充,不是所有英文合同都有的一项。以下就是一份聘用协议的附录,对该公司聘用的经理职责作出补充说明:

  THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO

  1.To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.

  2.To attend personally during the usual hours of business and to supervise and control the business and to be accessible to customers and employees of the Company.

  3.To keep the usual books of account.

  4.To pay daily all money received in the business into the Company?s bank account.

  5.Generally to protect the interests of the Company.

  上文提及的附录是指:

  1.管理、维持并促进公司的经营。

  2.亲自参与公司的日常经营,监管经营,对本公司的客户和员工平易亲和。

  3.保管日常账册。

  4.支付日常公司经营到账的款项。

  5.广泛地保护公司的利益。

  此外,即便是有这部分的英文合同,也经常因为附录的内容庞杂、篇幅较长而放在合同的最后单独列明,如有关的图表或者其他法律文书。下文就是单独列在合同后的附录的一个信用证:

  EXHIBIT B:Letter of Credit

  XYZ BANK LIMLTED

  [Address]

  Credit Bank, N. A.

  International Banking Facility

  Los Angeles, California 90000 U.S.A.

  Date:

  Letter of Credit No.:

  Gentlemen:

  We hereby establish this irrevocable letter of credit in your favor for account of ABC Company in the amount of US $(amount in words), available against your draft(s) drawn at sight on Credit Bank, N.A., Letter of Credit Department, Los Angeles, California, accompanied by your signed and dated statement as follows:

  “The amount drawn under Letter of Credit No.[]dated[]issued by XYZ Bank Limited on behalf of ABC Company is payable to the undersigned pursuant to the terms of that certain Loan Agreement dated as of , , between ABC Company and Credit Bank. N.A.”

  All drafts drawn under this Letter of Credit must bear the clause “Drawn under XYZ Bank Limited Letter of Credit Number, dated,”.

  Partial drawings are permitted.

  We hereby engage with the drawers, endorsers and bona fide holders of drafts drawn under and in compliance with the terms of this Letter of Credit that the drafts will be duly honored if drawn and presented to the above drawn in Los Angeles, California, on or before [Expiry date 30 days after the final Installment Payment Date].

  This Letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), International Chamber of Commerce, Publication No. 400.

  Special Instructions to Drawee Bank

  In reimbursement for any payment made by you hereunder, you may debit our account with you.

  XYZ BANK LIMITED

  BY

  (Authorized Signature)

  附件B:

  XYZ银行

  地址:

  北美信贷银行

  国际银行业务部

  美国加利福尼亚洛杉矶,90000

  日期:

  信用证号码:

  先生

  我行在此开立,以ABC公司为受益人、总额为美元的不可撤销信用证,凭交加利福尼亚洛杉矶北美信贷银行信用证部开出的即期汇票付款。并附有贵行签署、具名日期的如下声明:

  “由XYZ银行代表ABC公司年月日开立的第号信用证项下款项系根据ABC公司与北美信贷银行年月日订立的某贷款协议条款规定,付与签字人。”

  本证项下开具的汇票须注明“本汇票系凭XYZ银行年月日第号信用证下开具”的条款。

  允许部分提款。

  凡根据本证开具与本证条款相符的汇票,如按时开具提交我行,我行保证对出票人、背书人和善意持有人不迟于最后分期付款日后30天内承担付款责任。

  本信用证系根据国际商会第400号出版物跟单信用证统一惯例与实务(1983年版)缮制。

  付款行特别指令

  贵行本信用证项下所付款项,记入我行与贵行的借记账户。

  XYZ银行

  授权签字

  五、证明部分(Attestation)

  英文合同结构中的最后一个部分就是结尾辞,即证明部分与当事人的签名。所谓结尾辞指的是在当事人签名之前经常会出现的一段文字,相当于中文合同中“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。除了表明签名人确实为正当授权的代表外,还会具明签名的日期。至于签名档的部分,如果当事人是公司的话,除了代表人的签名以外,还要加盖公司印鉴,并且通常会注明代表人的职务(title)。

  IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above.

  By:By:

  Title:Title:

  本协议由被授权之人,于本协议上述所记载日期,代表双方当事人缔结生效之,特此为证。

  代表人:代表人:

  职务:职务:

?  in witness whereof
  这三个词是英文合同结尾辞的标准模式,实体上讲并没有什么特别的功能或意义,与中文合同里最后通常会记载的“恐口说无凭,特立契为证”很类似,也有用“IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF”代替,有时候也会用“INTENDING TO BE LEGALLY BOUND”代替,意思也是一样的。

  ?duly authorized representatives

  当合同之当事人为法人组织时,必须推选出一位自然人作为法定代表人,例如,公司的法定代表人通常会是董事长,代表公司对外签订合同,建立权利义务关系。除了董事长根据法律当然具备对外代表公司的许可权之外,公司董事会也可以通过决议授权某一个董事、总经理或其他重要职员作为公司签约的代表人,此时与公司签约的对方当事人为了确保这个代表人的确属于“duly authorized representative”,可以要求公司提供这个授权的董事会决议证明,以妥善保护自己的权益。下面就是一个董事会对采购员的授权决议:

  BOARD OF DIRECTORS? RESOLUTION

  DESIGNATING A PURCHASING AGENT

  Pursuant to a duly made, seconded, and carried motion the Board of Directors of (hereinafter referred to as Corporation) adopted the following resolution by a unanimous vote:

  RESOLVED, thatis hereby appointed Purchasing Agent of this Corporation with limited authority to make purchases in the Corporation?s name and behalf. Under no circumstances will the Purchasing Agent have real or apparent authority to make a purchase for the Corporation if the dollar amount of said purchase or the total dollar amount of an installment purchase will exceed the amount ofdollars ($).

  I The undersigned,, certifies that he or she is the duly appointed Secretary of Corporation and that the above is a true and correct copy of a resolution duly adopted at a meeting of the directors thereof, convened and held in accordance with law and the Bylaws of said Corporation on, (Date) and that such resolution is now in full force and effect.

  IN WITNESS THEREOF, I have affixed my name as Secretary of Corporation and have attached the seal of Corporation to this resolution.

  Dated:

  Secretary:

  Seal:

  董事会决议:

  任命采购员:

  就已第二次提起到董事会的动议,本公司董事会全体一致通过如下决议:

  兹决议,本公司授权为本公司采购员,以本公司名义代表本公司对外采买。但其单笔采购金额或分期购买的总额不得超过美元。超过该数额该采购员概无真实或表见代理权。

  我,签字人,证明,他/她是本公司正式任命的秘书,以上是本公司董事会决议的真实准确的副本,该决议系按法律和本公司章程在年月日召开的董事会上正式通过,现完全有效。

  作为公司秘书,我签字并盖公司印鉴于该决议,特此为证。

  日期:年月日

  秘书:(签字)

  公司印鉴:(盖章)

?  the date and year first written above

  如果合同结尾辞里注明的日期和合同前言所载明的日期相同,就用这句话表示,如果不同的话,就应该另以条款明定合同生效日(Effective Date),以免产生争议。如下例:

  After this contract is signed by the duly authorized representatives of both parties, both parties shall submit the contract to their governments or Boards of Directors for approval. The date when the later party obtains the approval shall be taken as the effective date of the contract. Both parties shall attempt to get the contract approval within 60 days from signing and notify by telex or cable the other party of the approval which is confirmed by the following registered air?mail letter.

  本合同经双方正式授权代表签署后,应提交各自政府或董事会批准。以后一方获得批准日期为本合同生效日。双方应尽力在合同签署后60日内获得批准并以电传或电报形式通知该批准,随后以航空挂号邮件确认。

  (出自:英文合同解读--语用、条款及文本范例)

 


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