1．胃粘膜肠化：Intestinal metaplasia：
胃粘膜肠化在反复损伤的基础上发生。
Intestinal metaplasia occurs on the basis of repeated injuries.
从生物进化和个体发育看，胃肠道粘膜上皮组织按进化程度由低到高排列约为：结肠被复上皮和腺上皮、小肠被复上皮和腺上皮、胃被复上皮、胃中性粘液腺（如贲门腺和幽门腺）上皮和胃体腺上部粘液细胞、胃体腺中下部由壁细胞、主细胞等组成的腺上皮和十二肠腺上皮。
In biological evolution and individual development, the levels of evolution of epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal mucous membrane are arranged according to evolutional level:  Colon covering epithelium and glandular epithelium, small intestine covering epithelium and glandular epithelium, gastric covering epithelium, gastric neutral mucus glandular( such as cardiac gland and pyloric gland) epithelium and mucous cell in the upper gastric gland, glandular epithelium composed by parietal cell and chief cell and duodenum glandular epithelium.
所以说：胃粘膜肠化的过程（包括从小肠上皮化生到大肠上皮化生的过程），就是胃粘膜上皮去分化和反重演律的过程。
Therefore, the process of intestinal metaplasia (including small intestinal metaplasia and large intestinal metaplasia) is the dedifferentiation and anti-recapitulation of epithelium of gastric mucous membrane.
2．恶性肿瘤：Malignant tumor:
恶性肿瘤往往在衰老、虚损、慢性疾病的基础上发生。
Malignant tumor often occurs on the basis of aging, consumptive disease and chronic disease.
大量的证据表明，恶性肿瘤细胞及细胞癌变过程在形态、繁殖力、分化程度、行为、组化、酶学、代谢、抗原、基因等各方面均以胚胎化为主要特点。
A lot of evidences have shown that malignant tumor cell and cellular carcinogenesis have the major characteristic of embryonation in the form, fertility, differentiation, behavior, histochemistry, enzymology, metabolism, antigen and gene.
[德]Müller.W.A，发育生物学（1998）。：“总之，癌细胞恢复并再活化了许多胚胎细胞所特有的能力，因此，癌不仅是一个严峻的医学问题，也是发育生物学问题。”
[Germany] Müller.W.A，Developmental Biology (1998).: ““In a word, the cancer cell recovers and reactivates many specific abilities of embryonic cells. Therefore, cancer is not only a severe medical problem but also a problem in developmental biology.”
董郡，主编，病理学，人民卫生出版社，1996，第二版。157-158页，：“瘤细胞形态呈不同程度的异型性，表现在它与其起源细胞有形态上的差异，甚至细胞好似幼稚的发育阶段，出现一系列幼稚细胞特点，似乎细胞退回到未发育成熟的阶段。通常将这种形态变化称为间变（anaplasia, nan：退回，plasia：发育）。”Dong Jun，Chief editor，Pathology，People Public Health Press，1996，Second Edition。  Page: 157-158 ““The shape of cancer cell has different degrees of heteromorphism. It is different from its origin cell in shape and the cell seems to be in the developmental stage and has the characteristics of juvenile cell. The cell seems to return to the stage before maturity.   This kind of form change is generally called anaplasia (anaplasia, nan：退回，plasia：发育).”

华译网北京翻译公司翻译过大量有关胃粘膜肠化的文件资料,Beijing Chinese Translation Service Company has translated many technical documents about Intestinal metaplasia

3．中枢神经系统改变：Change of central nervous system
与成年人相比，老年人的脑电图出现与脑波成熟过程相反的某些变化。
Compared with adult, the electroencephalogram of the old has some changes which are reverse to the course of maturity of brain wave.
蔡文琴，发育神经生物学（1999）。：老年性记忆障碍主要表现为外显记忆下降，而内隐记忆基本完好。与发育次序相反。并可能与前额叶皮层的发育晚，衰退早有关。
Cai Wenqin，Developmental Neurobiology (1999). Senile memory disorder is mainly manifested as decrease of explicit memory and intact implicit memory. It is reverse to the growth sequence.  And it may be related to the late growth and early retrogression of prefrontal cortex.

4．植物神经改变：Change of vegetative nerve:
而虚证的一个显著特点就是交感神经功能减退，副交感神经功能亢进。
A notable characteristic of deficiency syndrome is impaired sympathetic nerve function and hyperactivity of parasympathetic nerve function.
交感神经在进化上较副交感神经高级：
Sympathetic nerve is more advanced than parasympathetic nerve in evolution:
人类副交感神经属于胆碱能神经，交感神经节后神经元属肾上腺素能神经。在种系发生上，胆碱能神经比肾上腺素能神经出现的早。在低等动物如某些鱼类的交感神经属胆碱能；爬行类和鸟类的交感神经既释放Ach也释放NE；哺乳类则以 NE为主，说明NE作为交感神经的介质，是种族发展的晚期才出现的。
Parasympathetic nerve of human beings is cholinergic nerve and postganglionic neuron of sympathetic nerve is adrenergic nerve.  In phylogenesis, cholinergic nerve appeared earlier than adrenergic nerve. The sympathetic nerve of some lower animal like fish is cholinergic nerve;sympathetic nerve of reptile and birds release both Ach and NE; the mammal mainly releases NE. It shows that NE-transmitter of sympathetic nerve appeared in the later stage of phylogenesis.
从个体发生来看，兔、狗等许多动物初生时交感神经是胆碱能的。到二周后神经末梢才能摄取儿茶酚胺的前体，开始合成并释放NE。看来个体发育过程基本上重现了种族发展漫长历程中交感神经由胆碱能神经过渡为肾上腺素能神经的转变过程。
As for the individual, such as many animals like rabbit and dog, their sympathetic nerve releases Ach when they are born.   After the second week, the nerve ending could absorb the precursor of catecholamine and begins to release NE.  Therefore, the growth of individual mainly reproduces the process of cholinergic nerve transiting to adrenergic nerve in the long process of phylogenesis.