1．2供应链和供应链管理
Supply chain and supply chain management
传统的供应链概念局限于企业内部的操作层上，只关注企业自身资源的利用，后来供应链概念关注与外界的联系，美国的史迪文斯(Stevens)认为“通过增值过程和分销渠道控制从供应商的供应商到用户的用户的流就是供应链，它开始于供应的源点，结束于消费的终点”。近来，供应链的概念更加注重围绕核心企业的网链关系，哈理森(Harrison)将供应链定义为“供应链是执行采购原材料、将它们转换为中间产品和成品，并且将成品销售到用户的功能网链”；菲利浦(Phillip)和温德尔(Wendell)认为:供应链中的战略合作伙伴关系很重要，通过建立战略合作伙伴关系，可以与重要的供应商和用户更有效地开展工作。
Traditional definition of “supply chain” was limited to the operational level in the enterprise, and showed only concern for the application of resources owned by the enterprise; later, the definition of supply chain began to pay attention to its contact with the world outside the enterprise. Stevens from the US believed “the supply chain refers to the flow from the supplier of the supplier to the user of the user through the process of appreciation and control of distribution channels; it starts from the source of supply and ends at the end of consumption.” Recently, the definition of supply chain highlighted the network-and-chain relationship in central enterprises. Harrison defines the supply chain as “the supply chain is a functional network-chain which takes on the tasks of purchasing raw materials, transforming them into semi-finished and finished products, and selling finished products to users”; Phillip and Wendell thought: strategic partnerships in the supply chain are very important; through the establishment of such partnerships, jobs could be done effectively by cooperating with significant suppliers and users.
供应链管理是一种集成的管理思想和方法，它执行供应链中从供应商到最终用户的物流的计划和控制等职能;菲利浦(Phillip)认为:“供应链管理不是供应商管理的别称，而是一种新的管理策略，它把不同企业集成起来以增加整个供应链的效率，注重企业之间的合作”。伊文斯(Evens)认为:“供应链管理是通过前馈的信息流和反馈的物料流及信息流，将供应商、制造商、分销商和零售商，直到最终用户连成一个整体的管理模式”。
Traditional definition of “supply chain” was limited to the operational level in the enterprise, and showed only concern for the application of resources owned by the enterprise; later, the definition of supply chain began to pay attention to its contact with the world outside the enterprise. Stevens from the US believed “the supply chain refers to the flow from the supplier of the supplier to the user of the user through the process of appreciation and control of distribution channels; it starts from the source of supply and ends at the end of consumption.” Recently, the definition of supply chain highlighted the network-and-chain relationship in central enterprises. Harrison defines the supply chain as “the supply chain is a functional network-chain which takes on the tasks of purchasing raw materials, transforming them into semi-finished and finished products, and selling finished products to users”; Phillip and Wendell thought: strategic partnerships in the supply chain are very important; through the establishment of such partnerships, jobs could be done effectively by cooperating with significant suppliers and users.

华译网北京翻译公司翻译过大量有关供应链和供应链管理的文件资料,Beijing Chinese Translation Service Company has translated many technical documents about Supply chain and supply chain management
供应链管理是在商业活动的发展过程中，尤其是在经济全球化的推动下逐渐形成的，供应链管理所涉及不仅是企业内部的管理问题，还包括链上企业的合作与责任分担的问题，它将链上的其它企业看作是可以获取竞争优势的合作伙伴，而不是将其视为可以转嫁成本的而讨价还价的谈判对手，英国供应链专家马丁.克里斯多夫曾在书中写到“市场上只有供应链而没有企业，21世纪的竞争不是企业之间，而是供应链与供应链之间的竞争”，因此供应链管理主要体现为如何加强链上企业的合作及对整体资源协调运作的管理水平。现在供应链最普遍的定义是:供应链是围绕核心企业，通过对信息流、实物流和资金流的控制，从采购原材料开始，制成中间产品以及最终产品，最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网链结构。供应链由所有加盟的节点企业组成，其中一般有一个核心企业(可以是制造企业，也可是大型零售企业，如美国的P&G和沃尔玛)，节点企业在需求信息的驱动下，通过供应链的职能分工与合作(生产、分销、零售等)，以资金流、实物流/服务流为媒介实现整条供应链的不断增值。
Supply chain management is gradually shaped during the development of commercial activities, especially with the driving force from economic globalization. Such a management not only concerns management inside the enterprise, but includes cooperation between enterprises on the chain and the problem of responsibility share. It regards other enterprises on the chain as partners from whom it could obtain competitive strengths, but not the other party in negotiation to bargain with who could help it transfer costs. Martin Christoph, British specialist of supply chain, once mentioned in his book: “there’s only supply chain but no enterprise in the market; the competition in the 21st century is not between enterprises, but between supply chains.” Therefore, supply chain management is mainly presented in how to strengthen the cooperation between enterprises and their levels of management of the generally harmonious operation of resources. Today, the most widely accepted definition of the supply chain is: the supply chain refers to a functional network-chain structure that works around central enterprises to combines the supplier, the producer, the distributor, the retailer and so on, and till the end user into a whole through the control of the flow of information, the logistics and the flow of cash; it starts with the purchase of raw materials, the production of semi-finished products and finished products, and ends with the consumer who receives products through the distribution network. The supply chain consists of all participating node enterprises, among which there’s generally a central enterprise (it could be a manufacturing enterprise or a large-scale retail enterprise, such as P&G and Walmart from the US). Driven by the information of demands, node enterprises may have labor division and cooperation (including production, distribution and retail) through the functions of the supply chain, so as to fulfill the continuous appreciation of the whole supply chain, taking the flow of cash, the flow of materials or the flow of service as the medium.