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Chinese Translation Samples > Biology English to Chinese Translation Sample

Regional Status and Outlook on Advanced Biofuels Production

(B) Regional Status and Outlook on Advanced Biofuels Production
 
Review of Assumptions.
          Costs. USDA assumed a steady cellulosic plant construction cost of $8 per gallon.
We recognize that initial construction costs for first of a kind plant will typically be greater than the costs of plants that follow; however, we assume a fixed capital cost over time.  Plant construction costs decline in real terms for this analysis.
Size. This approach assumes each biorefinery built will have a capacity of 40 million gallons a year.
Biofuel Regions. Based on work by the Agricultural Research Service, biofuel feedstock regions were developed based on crops that we expect will be prevalent in those areas based on historic planting data and weather, soil and water conditions.
Energy Yields per Acre. Through ARS research, we could assume certain energy yields per acre by feedstock and thereby estimate the number of biorefineries necessary for each region to fill their expected biofuels goals.
Technology Changes. For the sake of this report, we assume no technology change, which make our estimates conservative.  This is a very conservative assumption as RFS2 is predicated on challenging the industry to create newer, cleaner fuels.  Also, the agricultural sector as a whole is incredibly productive and has consistently outpaced productivity increases in other sectors, in part, due to its investment in technology (e.g. drought resistant seeds).
 
1. SOUTHEAST REGION and HAWAII:
 
States.   Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas
Feedstocks.        Soybean oil, Energy cane, Biomass Sorghum, Perennial grasses, Woody biomass
Other Points of Interest. Hawaii, Florida, Georgia and Texas are the largest consumers of petroleum in the region.   USDA has an MOU to provide biofuels to the Navy in Hawaii that involves research and development as well as implementation. With the Western Naval fleet in HI, there is already a consumption base from the Navy of 80 million gallons of fuel a year.
 
Current Production Capacity.
Ethanol Biorefineries: Total facilities 20—17 producing, 2 idle, and one in construction
GA—2 producing; 1 in construction
KY—3 producing LA—1 producing MS—1 producing
NC—5  producing; 2 idle
TN—2 producing
TX—3 producing
 
Biodiesel Refineries: Total facilities 67—40 producing; 25 idle; 1 unknown status; 1 in construction
AL—3 producing; 3 idle
AR—2 producing
FL—1 producing; 2 idle; 1 unknown status
GA—6 producing; 1 idle HI—1 producing; 1 idle KY—3 producing; 1 idle LA—0 producing; 1 idle MS—5 producing
NC—1 in construction
SC—3 producing
TN—3 producing; 3 idle
TX—13 producing; 10 idle
 
Potential Production Capacity.  This region could produce 10.5 billion gallons of advanced biofuels per year, at 263 biorefineries producing 40 million gallons by year, costing $320 million per biorefinery. This will take an $83.8 billion cumulative investment, to build the 263 biorefineries with an average capacity of 40 million gallons. USDA estimated that a significant amount of volume, up to 50%, of the advanced biofuels, could come from this region because it has the most robust growing season in the United States that supports the highest gallons-per-acre crops of all biofuels crops.   One advanced fuel biorefinery is expected to open in August of
2010 in Louisiana, with expected production of 75 million gallons.
Land Use.  In this region there is an acreage base of 83.4 million acres of cropland and cropland pasture and 182.8 million acres of forest land.  To produce the biofuels necessary from this region, an advanced biofuel production of 10.5 billion gallons from 9.5 million acres, 11.4% of the available cropland and cropland pasture acreage base, would be required for fuel use.
 
Beijing Chinese Translation Service Company has translated many documents about Regional Status and Outlook on Advanced Biofuels Production.
 
(二)先进生物燃料生产的地区状况及前景展望
 
假设回顾
         成本。美国农业部假设,稳定的纤维素工厂建设摊到每加仑燃料中的成本是8美元。我们认识到,同类工厂中第一家的建设成本通常都会比往后厂家的建设成本更高,不过,我们假定了一个随时间推移而固定的资本成本。这份分析报告中提出的工厂建设成本在实际情况中是下降的。
         规模。我们的地区方案假定建成的每一家生物精炼厂年生产能力为4,000万加仑。
         生物燃料原料区域。在各个地区,依据种植的历史数据以及天气、土壤和水资源的条件,我们可以想见哪些农作物可以大面积种植。基于农业研究局的工作成果,再根据这些各地区有可能大面积种植的作物,我们便划分出了生物燃料的原料区。
         每英亩能源产量。通过农业研究局的研究,我们可以假设出每一种原料每英亩能源产量的确定数字,并据以估计出每个地区为达到预期生物燃料目标而必须建成的生物精炼厂数目。
         技术变化。从本报告的角度出发,我们假定没有技术变化,这就使得我们的估计在实际上显得非常保守,因为可再生燃料标准第二阶段是对产业部门的挑战,是为了使它们生产更新、更清洁的燃料而订立的。此外,就整体而言,农业部门拥有极高的生产率,而且生产率增幅一直都在其它部门之上,原因之一就是它对技术的投资(例如耐旱种子)。
 
1、东南地区及夏威夷:
 
包括的州:亚拉巴马、阿肯色、佛罗里达、佐治亚、夏威夷、肯塔基、路易斯安那、密西西比、北卡罗来纳、南卡罗来纳、田纳西、德克萨斯。
生产的原料:大豆油、能源甘蔗、生物质高粱、多年生禾草、木质生物质。
其它值得关注的要点:夏威夷、佛罗里达、佐治亚和德克萨斯是该地区最大的石油消耗州。美国农业部签订了一份为驻夏威夷的海军提供生物燃料的《理解备忘录》,其中牵涉到研究、开发以及实施工作。由于海军西部舰队(Western Naval fleet)驻扎在夏威夷,生物燃料每年在海军中就已经有了8,000万加仑的消费基础。
当前的生产能力
生物乙醇精炼厂:厂家总数为20家,其中17家处于生产中,2家闲置,1家在建。
         佐治亚:2家处在生产中,1家在建;
         肯塔基:3家处在生产中;
         路易斯安那:1家处在生产中;
         密西西比:1家处在生产中;
         北卡罗来纳:5家处在生产中,2家闲置;
         田纳西:2家处在生产中;
         德克萨斯:3家处在生产中。
 
生物柴油精炼厂:厂家总数为67家,其中40家处在生产中,25家闲置,1家状态不明,1家在建。
         亚拉巴马:3家处在生产中,3家闲置;
         阿肯色:2家处在生产中;
         佛罗里达:1家处在生产中,2家闲置,1家状态不明;
         佐治亚:6家处在生产中,1家闲置;
         夏威夷:1家处在生产中,1家闲置;
         肯塔基:3家处在生产中,1家闲置;
         路易斯安那:0家处在生产中,1家闲置;
         密西西比:5家处在生产中;
         北卡罗来纳:1家处在生产中;
         南卡罗来纳:3家处在生产中;
         田纳西:3家处在生产中,3家闲置;
         德克萨斯:13家处在生产中,10家闲置。
 
潜在生产能力。按照263家生物精炼厂、每家每年生产4,000万加仑来计算,这一地区每年能够生产105亿加仑的先进生物燃料,每家生物精炼厂的成本为3.2亿美元。而建成这263家平均生产能力为4,000万加仑的生物精炼厂,所需的累计投资总额是838亿美元。美国农业部估计,先进生物燃料中相当大的一部分(可达50%)可以来自于这一地区,因为它在全美国的种植季节最强旺,对于所有的生物燃料农作物,这一地区都能支持最高的每英亩作物燃料产量。2010年8月在路易斯安那州预计会有一家生物燃料精炼厂开业,它的产量预计为7,500万加仑。
土地使用。这一地区耕地和耕地牧场的面积基数为8,340万英亩,林地面积基数为1.828亿英亩。为了实现这一地区所必需的生物燃料产量,那么就需要从950万英亩的土地上生产105亿加仑的先进生物燃料,也就是说,该地区的可用耕地与耕地牧地基数中,11.4%需要用于燃料生产。
 
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