O36900114_Respiratory system
O36900114_呼吸系统
Objective:
目标:
· To understand the process of breathing
· 理解呼吸的过程
In humans, the main organs responsible for respiration are present in the thoracic cavity. In the thorax region, the rib cage, and a dome shaped fibrous tissue known as the diaphragm are observed. Present within the ribcage are the pleural membranes, which enclose the lungs.
对人类而言，负责呼吸的主要器官位于胸腔。在胸部，可见胸廓，以及被称为膈的圆顶形的纤维组织。位于胸廓内的是胸膜，胸膜将肺密封起来。
The right lung is divided into three lobes- the right superior, right middle and the right inferior lobe. The left lung is smaller and has only two lobes- the left superior and the left inferior lobe.
右肺被分隔为三叶，分别是右上叶，右中叶和右下叶。左肺较右肺小，仅有两叶，分别是左上叶和左下叶。
Both the lungs are associated externally with small, tubular bronchi which unite and extend into the trachea. The trachea has incomplete, C-shaped rings of cartilage, which prevent the tracheal wall from collapsing. The trachea leads into the pharynx, which is connected to the nostrils. As we breathe in air, the oxygen molecules enter the nostrils and travel downwards, through the pharynx, and trachea, to finally reach the bronchi. From each bronchus, oxygen travels into the lungs. Within the lungs, the bronchus divides repeatedly to form bronchioles. Oxygen travels through these bronchioles, and reaches the alveoli; each of which is surrounded by a network of capillaries.
两侧的肺都向外与小的，管状的支气管相连，这些支气管连结并最终延伸入气管内。气管具有不完全的，C形的软骨环，这些软骨环能够防止气管壁塌陷。气管延伸至咽部，藉此与鼻孔相连。由于我们是吸入空气的，氧分子进入到鼻孔内，并继而向下扩散，穿过咽部，以及气管，最终到达支气管内。从每一个支气管处，氧分子进入到肺内。在肺内，支气管重复地分开，形成细支气管。氧经过这些细支气管，到达肺泡内；每一个肺泡的周围都包绕着毛细血管网。
A section of one alveolus shows the presence of numerous alveolar chambers with pores. Blood containing RBCs is seen flowing through the capillaries. The oxygen molecules from the alveolus diffuse into the capillary, and then get absorbed by the bluish purple RBCs. This causes oxygenation of the RBCs, and a transition in their colour from bluish purple to red is observed. The blood moving into the alveolus contains RBCs and carbon dioxide molecules. These molecules are released into the alveolus. The carbon dioxide collects in the alveolar chamber and then from the alveolus it travels through the bronchioles, into the bronchus which finally reaches the trachea and it breathed out through the nostrils.
在一个肺泡的截面内，可见大量的带有细孔的肺泡腔。含有红细胞的血液流过毛细血管。来自肺泡内的氧分子扩散入毛细血管内，并继而为带蓝色的紫色红细胞所吸收。这引起了红细胞的氧合作用，可见红细胞的颜色由带蓝色的紫色转变为红色。进入到肺泡的的血液含有红细胞和二氧化碳分子。这些分子被释放入肺泡内。二氧化碳聚集在肺泡腔内，接着从肺泡内，通过细支气管，进入到支气管内，并最终到达气管内，经由鼻孔呼出。
So the process of breathing in air rich in oxygen is called inhalation. During this process the alveoli inflate like balloons, thus the lungs expand and the muscular diaphragm moves down. During exhalation, the diaphragm moves up and the lungs contract, thus the alveoli deflate causing the air to be forced out. This exhaled air is rich in carbon dioxide. This process of inhalation and exhalation is known as respiration, which is approximately 20 times per minute.
所以，吸入富含氧的空气的过程，被称为吸气。在这个过程中，肺泡像气球一样充气，这样，肺舒张，肌性横膈向下移动。在呼气过程中，膈向上移动，肺收缩，这样，肺泡就放气，使得气体被挤出肺泡。呼出的气体中富含二氧化碳。这个吸气和呼气的过程就称为呼吸，每分钟大约进行20次。
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Respiratory system |
呼吸系统 |
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The process of breathing |
呼吸过程 |
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Thoracic cavity |
胸腔 |
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Rib cage |
胸廓 |
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Diaphragm |
膈 |
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Pleural membrane |
胸膜 |
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Lung |
肺 |
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Right superior |
右上 |
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Right middle |
右中 |
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Right inferior |
右下 |
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Left lung |
左肺 |
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Left superior |
左上 |
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Left inferior |
左下 |
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Bronchi |
支气管 |
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Trachea |
气管 |
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Cartilage |
软骨 |
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Pharynx |
咽 |
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Nostril |
鼻孔 |
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Bronchiole |
细支气管 |
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Alveolus |
肺泡 |
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Capillary |
毛细血管 |
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Alveolar chamber |
肺泡腔 |
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Pore |
孔隙 |
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RBC |
红细胞 |
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Oxygen |
氧 |
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Carbon dioxide |
二氧化碳 |
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Inhalation |
吸入剂 |
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Alveoli |
肺泡 |
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Exhalation |
呼气 |
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This process of inhalation and exhalation is known as respiration |
呼吸和吸气的过程被称为呼吸 |
O36900114_031
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Detailed description regarding the physiology of respiratory system in human and various animals. |
有关人体和各种动物的呼吸系统生理学的详细描述。 |
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This link provides description regarding the structure and functions of respiratory system. |
这个链接提供了有关于呼吸系统结构和功能的描述。 |
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This link provides description regarding the structure and functions of human respiratory system. |
这个链接提供了有关于人类呼吸系统结构和功能的描述。 |
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This link provides illustration showing the human respiratory system. |
这个链接提供了显示人类呼吸系统的说明。 |
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This link provides an illustration depicting the human respiratory system. |
这个链接提供了描述人类呼吸系统的说明。 |
O36900114_041
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胸腔 |
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The trachea leads into the pharynx, which is connected to the nostrils. |
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Both A and B |
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None of the above |
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Both A and B |
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None of the above |
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在吸气过程中，肺泡像气球一样充气，肺舒张，肌性横膈向下移动。 |
O36900114_051
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Respiratory System |
呼吸系统 |
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Introduction |
说明 |
Living organisms require energy for carrying out all metabolic functions of the body. A large part of this energy is derived from chemical reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen. The respiratory system is the route through which oxygen gains entry into the body. The human respiratory system starts with a pair of external nostrils through which air enters into the nasal chamber and moves on to the trachea. The trachea is a straight tube that divides into two bronchi, each of which enters into a lung. Each bronchus divides repeatedly into bronchioles that terminate into bag-like structures called the alveoli. Alveoli are the prime sites of gaseous exchange. Carbon dioxide formed as the waste product of the metabolic reactions, collects in the alveolar chamber and then is excreted out via the bronchi, trachea and finally through the nostrils. |
活有机体需要能量，来执行机体的代谢功能。这部分能量中有大部分都来源于有氧条件下发生的化学反应。呼吸系统是氧进入到机体内的途径。人类呼吸系统是从一堆外鼻孔开始的，气体通过外鼻孔进入到鼻腔内，并随之进入气管中。气管是一个直的管，分为两个支气管，每个支气管重复地分为细支气管，并最终终止于被称为肺泡的袋状结构。肺泡是气体交换的主要部位。以代谢反应废气形式出现的二氧化碳，聚集在肺泡腔内，并继而通过支气管，气管，以及最终的鼻孔，排出体内。 |
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Objective |
目标 |
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The simulation is designed for understanding the processes involved during inhalation and exhalation. |
这个模拟器是设计来用于理解吸气和呼气过程所涉及到的过程的。 |
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Instructions |
说明 |
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Follow the given instructions to understand the ventilation of lungs followed by gaseous exchange. A health bar displayed on the screen indicates the level of oxygenation of the tissues. |
按照所给予的说明，来理解气体交换之后的肺通气。屏幕上所显示的显示健康值的条柱表明，组织的氧合水平。 |
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Invert stereo |
反转立体声 |
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Stereo effect |
立体声效果 |
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Stereo Settings |
立体声设置 |
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Eye separation |
视觉分离 |
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Controls |
控制器 |
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Zoom in |
放大 |
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Zoom out |
缩小 |
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Select and Drag |
选择并拖动 |
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Hold and Rotate |
握住并旋转 |
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Reset |
复位 |
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Help |
帮助 |
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Menu |
菜单 |
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OK OK |
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Label On |
显示标签 |
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Label Off |
隐藏标签 |
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Physiology |
生理学 |
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Anatomy |
解剖学 |
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Health bar |
显示健康值的条柱 |
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Oxygen |
氧 |
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Carbon dioxide |
二氧化碳 |
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RBC |
红细胞 |
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Fast |
加快 |
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Next |
下一个 |
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Back |
返回 |
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Click on “OK” button after reading the synopsis. |
读完摘要后点击“OK”键。 |
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Step 1 – Inhalation |
步骤1-吸气 |
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Click and drag three oxygen molecules to the nostrils. |
点击并拖动三个氧分子到鼻孔处。 |
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Click on the correct option and continue with the simulation. |
点击正确的选项并继续模拟。 |
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Name the dome shaped structure which contracts on inhalation. |
命名圆顶形结构，该结构在吸气时会收缩。 |
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Lungs |
肺 |
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Diaphragm |
膈 |
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Alveolus |
肺泡 |
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Try again. |
再试一次 |
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Click on the arrowhead and drag it down. |
点击箭头并向下拖。 |
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Click on the highlighted area of the lung. |
点击肺的高亮区域。 |
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Molecules of which gas diffuse from the alveolar chamber to the RBC? |
气体从肺泡腔弥散至红细胞所经的膜？ |
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a) Nitrogen |
氮 |
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b) Carbon dioxide |
二氧化碳 |
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c) Oxygen |
氧 |
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Step 2 – Gaseous Exchange |
步骤2-气体交换 |
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Drag and drop three molecules of carbon dioxide from the capillary into the alveolar sac. Similarly, drag and drop three molecules of oxygen from the alveolar sac on to the RBCs in the capillary to oxygenate them. |
拖动并从毛细血管放下三个二氧化碳分子到肺泡囊内。相似地，拖动并从肺泡囊放下三个氧分子到毛细血管内的红细胞处，以氧合这些红细胞。 |
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Click on “Menu” button and then select “Next” button or click “Fast” button to increase the pace of this activity and play again. |
点击“菜单”钮，接着选择“下一步”钮，或是点击“加快”钮，以增强该动作的速度，并再播放一次。 |
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Good!! The RBC’s have been oxygenated. |
好的！红细胞已经被氧合了。 |
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Step 3 – Exhalation |
步骤2-呼气 |
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During exhalation, the diaphragm is pushed ______ to remove carbon dioxide. |
在呼气过程中，横膈向______ 方向被推动，从而移除二氧化碳。 |
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a) Downwards |
向下 |
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b) Upwards |
向上 |
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c) Sideways |
侧向 |
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Finally click on the arrowhead and push it upwards to exhale air rich in carbon dioxide. |
最后点击箭头，并向上推动，以呼出富含二氧化碳的空气。 |
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To go through the simulation again, click on “Reset” button. |
点击“复位”钮，以再次操作模拟器。 |
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This process of exchange of oxygen from the atmosphere with the carbon dioxide produced by the cells is called respiration. |
将由细胞所产生的二氧化碳与大气中的氧进行交换的过程，就称为呼吸。 |
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Human respiratory system comprises a pair of lungs enclosed within the thoracic cavity.。 |
人体的呼吸系统包括有密封于胸腔内的两侧肺。 |
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As we breathe in air, the oxygen molecules enter the nostrils and travel downwards, through the pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to the sac like structure called alveoli. |
当我们呼吸空气时，氧分子进入到鼻孔内，并且向下扩散，穿过咽，气管，支气管，细支气管，最终到达被称为肺泡的囊样结构内。 |
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Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries. |
每个肺泡周围都包绕着毛细血管网。 |
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Oxygen molecules diffuse in the RBCs flowing through the capillaries, while the carbon dioxide molecules are diffused out of the capillary into the alveoli. |
氧分子弥散入流过毛细血管的红细胞内，而二氧化碳分子则从毛细血管内弥散至肺泡中。 |
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The carbon dioxide thus, collected in the alveolar chamber travels through the bronchioles, into the bronchus which finally reaches the trachea and is breathed out through the nostrils. |
接着，二氧化碳在肺泡腔内聚集，并经由细支气管，扩散入支气管内，最终到达气管中，并从鼻孔呼出体外。 |
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The simulation aims at the following learning outcomes: |
模拟器的目的是为了以下学习结果： |
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Memorizing the main steps involved in the process of respiration. |
记住呼吸过程中所涉及的主要步骤。 |
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Identification of various organs of the respiratory system. |
识别呼吸系统的各种器官。 |
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The entire simulation is divided into the following steps: |
整个模拟过程被分为以下几个步骤： |
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In the first step you have to perform inhalation by moving the diaphragm downwards. |
在第一步，你必须向下移动膈来进行吸气。 |
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In the second step you have to perform the exchange of gases in the alveolus. |
在第二个步骤，你必须在肺泡内进行气体交换。 |
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In the third step you have to exhale carbon dioxide by the upward movement of diaphragm. |
在第三个步骤，你必须通过向上移动膈，来呼出二氧化碳。 |
O36900114_091
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Respiratory System |
呼吸系统 |
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Alveolus |
肺泡 |
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Left lung |
左肺 |
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Diaphragm |
膈 |
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Bronchi |
支气管 |
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Trachea |
气管 |
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Right lung |
右肺 |
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Bronchiole |
细支气管 |
O36900114_091
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小的，薄壁的管，从支气管处分支而出，并终于肺的肺泡囊。 |
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骨结构是由肋骨，胸椎骨和胸骨构成的，密封并保护肺和心脏 |
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呼出气体的动作。在呼气过程中，膈松弛并向上移动，使得肺收缩，向外排出气体，也称为呼气。 |
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位于肺深处的很小的，精致的气囊，是气体交换发生的部位。 |
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一个由软骨环加强的较大的膜状管，从咽部延伸至支气管，将气体输送至肺内，并且将肺内的气体输送出；气管。 |
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理解呼吸系统的主功能是为血液提供氧，这样氧合的血液就能够到达机体的所有部位。 |
O36900114_202
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呼吸系统，呼吸，膈，吸气，呼气，气管，肺，C形软骨环，肺泡，支气管 |
原件下载： 
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